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A HISTORY OF ROMAN LITERATURE:FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE DEATH OF MARCUS AURELIUS

BYCHARLES THOMAS CRUTTWELL, M.A.

TO THE VENERABLE J. A. HESSEY, D.O.L ARCHDEACON OF MIDDLESEX,THIS WORK IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBEDBY HIS FORMER PUPIL, THE AUTHOR.

PREFACE.

The present work is designed mainly for Students at our Universities andPublic Schools, and for such as are preparing for the Indian Civil Serviceor other advanced Examinations. The author hopes, however, that it mayalso be acceptable to some of those who, without being professed scholars,are yet interested in the grand literature of Rome, or who wish to refreshtheir memory on a subject that perhaps engrossed their early attention,but which the many calls of advancing life have made it difficult topursue.

All who intend to undertake a thorough study of the subject will turn toTeuffel's admirable History, without which many chapters in the presentwork could not have attained completeness; but the rigid severity of thatexhaustive treatise makes it fitter for a book of reference for scholarsthan for general reading even among students. The author, therefore,trusts he may be pardoned for approaching the History of Roman Literaturefrom a more purely literary point of view, though at the same time withoutsacrificing those minute and accurate details without which criticismloses half its value. The continual references to Teuffel's work,excellently translated by Dr. W. Wagner, will bear sufficient testimony tothe estimation in which the author holds it, and the obligations which hehere desires to acknowledge.

He also begs to express his thanks to Mr. John Wordsworth, of B. N. C.,Oxford, for many kind suggestions, as well as for courteous permission tomake use of his Fragments and Specimens of Early Latin; to Mr. H. A.Redpath, of Queen's College, Oxford, for much valuable assistance incorrection of the proofs, preparation of the index, and collation ofreferences, and to his brother, Mr. W. H. G. Cruttwell, for verifyingcitations from the post-Augustan poets.

To enumerate all the sources to which the present Manual is indebted wouldoccupy too much space here, but a few of the more important may bementioned. Among German writers, Bernhardy and Ritter—among French,Boissier, Champagny, Diderot, and Nisard—have been chiefly used. AmongEnglish scholars, the works of Dunlop, Conington, Ellis, and Munro, havebeen consulted, and also the History of Roman Literature, reprinted fromthe Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, a work to which frequent reference ismade, and which, in fact, suggested the preparation of the present volume.

It is hoped that the Chronological Tables, as well as the list of Editionsrecommended for use, and the Series of Test Questions appended, willmaterially assist the Student.

OXFORD,November, 1877.

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION.

Roman and Greek Literature have their periods of study—Influence of each
—Exactness of Latin language—Greek origin of Latin literature—Its three
great periods: (1) The Ante-Classical Period; (2) The Golden Age; (3) The
Decline.

BOOK I

FROM LIVIUS ANDRONICUS TO SULLA (240-80 B.C.).

CHAPTER I.

On the Earliest Rem